(This post is a joint work with @joystick, see also his blog here)
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Nowadays, exploitation of user-level vulnerabilities is becoming more and more difficult, because of the widespread diffusion of several protection methods, including ASLR, NX, various heap protections, stack canaries, and sandboxed execution. As a natural consequence, instead of extricating themselves with such a plethora of defensive methods, attackers prefer to take the “easy” way and started to move at the kernel-level, where sophisticated protection techniques are still not very common (indeed, things like as KASLR and SMEP are implemented only in the latest versions of the most popular OSes). This trend is also confirmed by the rising number of kernel-level vulnerabilities reported in the last few months in Windows, Linux, and OS X.
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Following this trend, we recently looked at few OS X drivers (“KEXT”s) and found a integer signedness bug affecting service IOBluetoothHCIController (implemented by the IOBluetoothFamily KEXT). This vulnerability can be exploited by a local attacker to gain root privileges. The issue is present on the latest versions of OS X Mavericks (tested on 10.9.4 and 10.9.5), but has been “silently” patched by Apple in OS X Yosemite.
Negative Space (Mac). Log in with itch.io to leave a comment. 4GmGhhh8z3 years ago (1 edit). Fun game, made me smile a few times. OS X Mavericks- Erase and reinstall OS X. OS X Mountain Lion- Erase and reinstall OS X. OS X Lion- Erase and reinstall Mac OS X. Note: You will need an active Internet connection. I suggest using Ethernet if possible. Because it is three times faster than wireless. Find games for macOS like Friday Night Funkin', Cold Shot, Wrong Floor, Deepest Sword, Dying of Thirst on itch.io, the indie game hosting marketplace. The operating system detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary.
Vulnerability overview
In a nutshell, the bug lies in the IOBluetoothHCIUserClient::SimpleDispatchWL() function. The function eventually takes a user-supplied 32-bit signed integer value and uses it to index a global array of structures containing a function pointer. The chosen function pointer is finally called. As the reader can easily imagine, SimpleDispatchWL() fails at properly sanitizing the user-supplied index, thus bad things may happen if a malicious user is able to control the chosen function pointer.
More in detail, the vulnerable part of the function is summarized in the pseudocode below. At line 14, the user-supplied 32-bit integer is casted to a 64-bit value. Then, the 'if' statement at line 16 returns an error if the casted (signed) value is greater than the number of methods available in the global _sRoutines array; obviously, due to the signed comparison, any negative value for the method_index variable will pass this test. At line 20 method_index is used to access the _sRoutines array, and the retrieved callback is finally called at line 23.
More in detail, the vulnerable part of the function is summarized in the pseudocode below. At line 14, the user-supplied 32-bit integer is casted to a 64-bit value. Then, the 'if' statement at line 16 returns an error if the casted (signed) value is greater than the number of methods available in the global _sRoutines array; obviously, due to the signed comparison, any negative value for the method_index variable will pass this test. At line 20 method_index is used to access the _sRoutines array, and the retrieved callback is finally called at line 23.
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Exploitation details
Exploitation of this vulnerability is just a matter of supplying the proper negative integer value in order to make IOBluetoothFamily index the global _sRoutines structure out of its bounds, and to fetch an attacker-controlled structure. The supplied value must be negative to index outside the _sRoutines structure while still satisfying the check at line 16.
As a foreword, consider that for our 'proof-of-concept' we disabled both SMEP/SMAP and KASLR, so some additional voodoo tricks are required to get a fully weaponized exploit. Thus, our approach was actually very simple: we computed a value for the user-supplied parameter that allowed us to index a BluetoothMethod structure such that BluetoothMethod.function_ptr is a valid user-space address (where we placed our shellcode), while BluetoothMethod.num_arguments is an integer value less than 8 (to satisfy the check performed by SimpleDispatchWL() at line 22).
As shown in the C code fragment above, the user-supplied 32-bit value (user_param) is first casted to a 64-bit signed value, and then used as an index in _sRoutines. Each entry of the global _sRoutines array is 16-byte wide (two 8-byte values). These operations are implemented by the following assembly code:
As a foreword, consider that for our 'proof-of-concept' we disabled both SMEP/SMAP and KASLR, so some additional voodoo tricks are required to get a fully weaponized exploit. Thus, our approach was actually very simple: we computed a value for the user-supplied parameter that allowed us to index a BluetoothMethod structure such that BluetoothMethod.function_ptr is a valid user-space address (where we placed our shellcode), while BluetoothMethod.num_arguments is an integer value less than 8 (to satisfy the check performed by SimpleDispatchWL() at line 22).
As shown in the C code fragment above, the user-supplied 32-bit value (user_param) is first casted to a 64-bit signed value, and then used as an index in _sRoutines. Each entry of the global _sRoutines array is 16-byte wide (two 8-byte values). These operations are implemented by the following assembly code:
At a higher-level, the address of the BluetoothMethod structure fetched when processing an index value 'user_param' is computed by the following formula:
struct_addr = (ext(user_param & 0xffffffff) * 16) + _sRoutine
Where ext()Negative Space (itch) (mavryke) Mac Os Update
is the sign-extension operation (implemented by the movsxd instruction in the assembly code snipped above).By solving this formula for user_param and searching inside the kernel address space, we found several candidate addresses that matched our criteria (i.e., a valid user-space pointer followed by an integer value < 8). The rest of the exploit is just a matter of mmap()'ing the shellcode at the proper user-space address, connecting to the IOBluetoothHCIController service and invoking the vulnerable method.
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The source code for a (very rough) proof-of-concept implementation of the aforementioned exploit is available here, while the following figure shows the exploit 'in action'.Execution of our 'proof-of-concept' exploit |
Patching
We verified the security issue both on OS X Mavericks 10.9.4 and 10.9.5 (MD5 hash values for the IOBluetoothFamily KEXT bundle on these two OS versions are 2a55b7dac51e3b546455113505b25e75 and b7411f9d80bfeab47f3eaff3c36e128f, respectively). After the release of OS X Yosemite (10.10), we noticed the vulnerability has been silently patched by Apple, with no mention about it in the security change log.A side-by-side comparison between versions 10.9.x and 10.10 of IOBluetoothFamily confirms Apple has patched the device driver by rejecting negative values for the user-supplied index. In the figure below, the user-supplied index value is compared against _sRoutineCount (orange basic block). Yosemite adds an additional check to ensure the (signed) index value is non-negative (green basic block, on the right).
Comparison of the vulnerable OS X driver (Mavericks, on the left) and patched version (Yosemite, on the right) |
Conclusions
We contacted Apple on October 20th, 2014, asking for their intention to back-port the security fix to OS X Mavericks. Unfortunately, we got no reply, so we decided to publicly disclose the details of this vulnerability: Yosemite has now been released since a while and is available for free for Apple customers; thus, we don’t think the public disclosure of this bug could endanger end-users.
Update (31/10/2014)
Yesterday evening, few hours after the publication of our blog post, we received a reply from Apple Product Security. They confirmed the bug has been fixed in Yosemite, and they are stillevaluating whether the issue should be addressed in the previous OS versions as well./Mac Cleaner /How Much Space Does macOS Take - Check & Free up System Storage
https://gamblingonlinexkcasinoitalysitesfree.peatix.com. Are you curious about how much space does MacOS take? Let’s get a closer look at MacOS High Sierra in this new article! Read along.
Apple macOS 10.14 Mojave was released to the public on September 24, 2018, and you may want to know how much space does macOS Mojave takes. New versions of macOS bring new features and designs that can improve the user experience. However, you must note that it takes a lot of space on your device to run successfully.
You cannot download the update unless you have freed some space enough for it. Today we will learn how much space does Mac OS take and what are the best practices to improve the device performance.
How Much Space Does macOS High Sierra Take?
In order to run High Sierra on Mac, you will need at least 8 GB of available disk space. Kettle kart mac os. Once you do the upgrade to macOS High Sierra, you’ll get more free disk space because of the new Apple File System and HEVC which is a new encoding standard for videos.
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Article GuidePart 1. How Much Space Does MacOS High Sierra Take?Part 2. How to Get More Space on Mac?Part 3. How to Upgrade to Mac OS High Sierra?Part 4. Summary
Part 1. How Much Space Does MacOS High Sierra Take?
If your Mac has been running on macOS 10.12 well it should also run smoothly with macOS 10.13 High Sierra without any issues at all. All Mac models and devices from 2009 like Mac Book, iMac, and Mac Book Retina and 2010 models such as Mac Mini, Mac Pro, Mac Book Air, and Mac Book Pro are compatible with the MacOS High Sierra.
However, if you are unsure which mac os version you’re using, you can find it by going to the device information of your Mac, to do this, open the Apple menu and click on ‘About this Mac’.
How much disk space does macOS use? In order to run High Sierra on your Mac, you will need at least 8 GB of available disk space. I know this space is a lot but once you did the upgrade to macOS High Sierra, you’ll get more free space because of the new Apple File System and HEVC which is a new encoding standard for videos.
Tip: Here recommend a powerful tool named iMyMac PowerMyMac to remove the purgeable space on Mac so that you will have more space to upgrade the macOS High Sierra. Just have a free trial below to save more space now!
By these two newly added features your photos, videos, apps, and other files will consume less space on your Mac. Sound cool? Start the upgrade now.
Part 2. How to Get More Space on Mac?
After knowing how much space does macOS Catalina take, you should get more space on Mac to run macOS. Mac system taking up 300GB? Too much space! How many GB should system take up on Mac? How much storage does Mac have this time? If your Mac is running slowly does not have enough space to accommodate the new macOS then you may see “Your startup disk is almost full” on your screen. It could be clogged with junk files and unimportant files.
The longer we use our devices, the more unneeded and unimportant files we store in it that later on can cause slow performance. Some even affect the way the device boots up because they have a login and startup files included. Especially files in the Other, if you want to know what is Other in Mac storage, just check the provided link.
The best thing to do is to remove these unneeded files permanently so you can get a faster Mac plus more space for the new MacOS update. However, deleting them manually may take time so better use an automatic program to remove the junk files with ease.
There are programs to clean up Mac that can easily erase these junks without too many steps involved. Just like PowerMyMac, offered by iMyMac. It is a powerful program that eliminates all the clutters that affects the performance of the device.
This is an effective and efficient software solution to erase junks, clear browser and system caches, and more. How can PowerMyMac help you in cleaning up the junks from your Mac? First, you need to download PowerMyMac and install it on your Mac.
https://cooljfile876.weebly.com/the-shape-mac-os.html. Next, follow these steps on how to clear system storage on macOS High Sierra effectively use this program.
- Once you have successfully installed PowerMyMac, click on Master Scan among the options from the left panel
- Click the Scan button and wait until the software completes the scanning
- After the scanning, review all the results and carefully select the junk files you wish to remove
- Click on the ‘Clean’ button
- Cleanup is completed
You may also use other options such as Duplicate Finder and Large & Old Files. These two will also help you free up some space on your Mac and be able to upgrade to the latest Mac OS.
PowerMyMac also helps you scan and analyze the network status of your device. The next time you will experience, latency or apps slowing down, use PowerMyMac to check and determine what is really going on with your device.
Tip: Speaking to apps, you may want to remove some unneeded apps on your Mac to save more space. Here we recommend another tool named PowerMyMac Uninstaller to help you. You can check how it works when uninstalling Anaconda on Mac.
Your Mac has now plenty of space needed to accommodate the new Mac OS. Simply follow the instructions given by Apple on how to proceed with the update or you can follow these steps below.
Part 3. How to Upgrade to Mac OS High Sierra?
Do Mac Updates take up space? Yes it does. But just some, you need to upgrade to the newer version for better Mac performance. Now that you are ready with the upgrade, first create a backup just to make sure your important files are safe and secured.
Time Machine Backups Good luck captions.
Setup your Time Machine so that you can easily create a backup with an external drive.
- Get an external drive to be used for Time Machine backup
- Upon connecting, you will be asked if you want to use the drive and create a backup via Time Machine. Choose Use Backup Disk
- Choose your external drive on the list
- You can check the ‘Backup Automatically’ if needed
- Wait until the backup is finished
Remember that the first time you backup using Time Machine will take a long time to complete. This is normal though. However, after a series of backups, Time Machine will only backup the files that were changed and added for faster process later on.
Download New Mac OS
Right after making sure that you have your own backup, you can download the new Mac OS through the App Store.
- Go to the App Store on your Mac
- Go directly to the MacOS High Sierra page or you can search for it
- Click the download button
- Once the download is completed, it automatically installs the new OS
- Simply follow the onscreen instructions to finish the upgrade
Remember that during the upgrade, the device will keep on restarting several times, this is normal and some activities might be slow until the upgrade is finished. When the upgrade is fully completed, you may now continue where you left.
Part 4. Summary
Now that you are aware of how much space does Mac OS take, you can be ready at any time there is a new upgrade released. Of course, don’t forget to clean up your entire system and free it from junks and clutters that are often the suspects of space-hogging.
Use iMyMac PowerMyMac to save you from all the hassles of manual deletion. When the latest MacOS Mojave comes out sooner, for sure you are among the firsts to download and try! Share this with your friends and let them know!
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Gerrit2020-01-27 08:36:54
Hi I am thinking of buying a Macbook Air due to my budget but can only afford the 128GB SSD 2017 model. I see it has a SD card slot can I use the transcend SD card and format it in a way so I can install apps or software on it? I do have a home PC so this will be my on the Go device.
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After using 2 years, my system is taking up so much space and that really confuses me, now I know how to get more space on my Mac, thanks!
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